#NAME - 1749 Words

- His theories on learning is referred to as constructivist approach. - he said that children built up their own thoughts on experiences they had and what they saw. He felt that learning was ongoing and children need to adapt. - Information contradicts their conclusion e.g. children may have milk in a pink tommie sippy but then have juice instead of milk in a pink tommie sippy they would reconsider that other drinks come in a pink tommie sippy not just milk. - piaget grouped children’s learning into four broad stages. Sensori-motor aged between 0-2 years –Development of object permanence - Child begins to use symbols (E.G Language) Pre-operational aged between 2-7 years –child uses symbols in play and thought - Egocentrism -†¦show more content†¦He told adults that they needed to work alongside their children and children can work alongside each other developing each other potential. He knew that direct teaching was important but it was just as important for children to work together and them being active in their learning. †¢ Social Learning (e.g.Bandura) Albert Bandura Born 1925 social learning theorist accepts the principle of conditioning but believe there are other ways of learning such as learning by watching. Social learning theorists think that people also learn by observing others. This is called ‘observational learning’. Early years workers have seen children copy other children or adults. This is spontaneous children will naturally learn by copying rather than someone showing or teaching them. Research shows that children and young people can only copy something but not others. Cognition seems to play an important part in this as children need to be able to notice the activity and also be able to remember it fully. Bandura calls this ‘social cognitive theory’ Links of practice: Children and young people will learn a lot by observing everyone around them and pick up social behaviour. Many people who work with children and young people will be encouraged showing positive and healthy behaviour such as not smoking. †¢ Operant conditioning (e.g. Skinner) B.F. skinner 1904-90 learnt that most humans and animals learn though exploring and thenShow MoreRelatedMy Name Of Your Name896 Words   |  4 PagesYour name. It has been studied that your name can make or break you in this world we live in. Some people say your name is specialized to identify who you are, but does it really make up who we really are? I believe that our name is just 50% who we are, and 50% the influence that the world gives towards our names. Places where we may have gotten most of our influence from is our parents. They take one glance at us and it s like the whole world comes to a stop in order for them to concentrate onRead MoreIs The Value Of A Name?835 Words   |  4 PagesAre You Your Name? Is God His Name? Can We Worship God’s Name? William Shakespeare once wrote, What s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. The question is: what is the value of a name? If names do have value, do they truly define the person or thing that possesses it? Finally, how does this relate to God? With humans, given names usually have a meaning from the language or culture in which the name comes from. For example, the name John is of HebrewRead MoreThe Name Game: How Much Power Does a First Name Have?1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Name Game: How Much Power Does a First Name Have? At birth you are given something precious. Unlike a stuffed animal or a baby blanket, this cannot be simply discarded or given away when the owner decides they have outgrown it. A name is something that is normally retained for the duration of ones existence on Earth. Although it may seem to only serve the purpose of identification, a name carries much more than just that; both good and bad preconceptions are latched onto all names. ParentsRead MoreLost Names Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesRocco Thompson June 10, 2011 History 354 William Kinzley Lost Names Lost Names: Scenes From A Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim is an autobiographical fictionalization of the author’s youth in Japanese occupied Manchuria. Though not a traditional autobiography, the author tells his own story through the eyes of a nameless young man. The story takes place between 1932 and 1945. The young man grows and changes from the start of the novel to the end and meditates on the nature of war, familyRead MoreThe Name Says It All. Many Names Have Meanings Connected1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe Name Says It All Many names have meanings connected to them, like the name â€Å"Erika† having the meaning â€Å"ruler.† In Amara Lakhous’s novel Divorce Islamic Style, there is a strong focus on the importance of names, which are used as the first and foremost way to describe a character. These characters, such as Christian, Sofia, and various minor characters, are described and developed according to the names they have been given. One of the first characters we are introduced to is Christian (aliasRead MoreHaving a meaningful name is a gift that anybody can’t have. Most of the parents name their child600 Words   |  3 PagesHaving a meaningful name is a gift that anybody can’t have. Most of the parents name their child with expectations of what the child would become, and usually the names they choose have great meanings. But does that mean there is absolutely no problem how the name is pronounced or spelled? Names usually have big impact on first impression when the person is being introduced, which may be very important. I believe that names are powerful piece of who we are and a symbol we live with for the restRead MoreThe English Phonetic Of My Chinese Name1624 Words   |  7 Pagesof my Chinese name, and the answer to the hated question of what my Chinese name is. This is also the name that I never liked when I was younger, associating it with the mundanity of Chinese school and the pa rt of my heritage that was a constant reminder that I was neither Chinese or American. At that time, it did not matter that my name meant brilliant red jade, indicating that I would be strong and elegant. Instead, I preferred my English name Sophia, for wisdom. Sophia is the name that I have comeRead MoreMaxine Kingstons No Name Woman1096 Words   |  5 PagesLearn from the Stories Having two considerably different cultures can cause a strife with one’s identity. In â€Å"No Name Woman,† Maxine Kingston’s mother tells her a story of her aunt that committed adultery which therefore led to her segregation from her own family and villagers. Kingston’s mother asserts that the story should not be told by anyone and the story’s purpose was to strike fear in her daughter. Then, Kingston explores the different scenarios that could have led to her aunt’s suppressedRead MoreThe Domain Name System Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed, hierarchical database of Internet name and address information. The purpose of the DNS is to resolve, or map, the names of host computers to numerical IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Every computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. The IP address is a 32-bit number that is conventionally presented in dotted decimal form divided into fou r binary octets. The domain name is an alphanumerical name that corresponds to the IP addressRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Name Is Sam1149 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Hi my name is Sam, i’m 18 and came here with my 9 year old little brother James. Everyone says he’s so adorably cute but they don’t know that we are immigrants. I finally got him into school, the last thing I need is to mess that up for him. He needs a better future than our parents or I got and I am destined to make sure that he gets it. It’s hard to pay for James to go to school in the mornings, we get by though. I work 16 hours in the factory and James works sewing up pillows with Clair s mom

Adolf Hitler Once Said, “To Conquer A Nation, First Disarm

Adolf Hitler once said, â€Å"to conquer a nation, first disarm its citizens.† In the perspective of Hitler creating chaos is what tears a country apart. Two trending topic’s of today’s society are gun and drug control mainly because of the high number of purposeless deaths and arrest that occur on a daily basis. Activist have risen to speak in opposition to weapons and drugs specifically marijuana being at the disposal of the public, however, could gun and drug control be the keys to amending the trend of violent attacks in America? The answer is no, gun control is not the answer for the violent attacks, but drug control has potential to be. Violent attacks occur for more than one reason in the U.S. and the large-scale brutal incidents that†¦show more content†¦The majority of anti-gun advocates voice their opinion that more guns would produce more crimes unfortunately for them there is little to no truth in that claim. In reality, when gun ownership in creased the amount of murders diminished as well. When states passed concealed weapons laws there was significant drops in the number of multiple victim shootings occurring, the number of deaths, and the number of injuries at these shootings. In 1997 both Wales and England banned handguns and the instantaneous effect was a 50% increase according to crime research. They never saw a day lower than after the year they decided to ban handguns. It has been proven by many surveys that the banning of guns increases crime rate which in turn proves that gun control is not the answer. Just like England and Wales Mexico has not had any luck with their very strict gun laws. As a matter of fact, Mexico only has one legal gun store compared to the United States of America that has roughly around 68,000 legal gun stores. Yet Mexico in 2012 had 11,309 murders by a gun while the United States had about 9,146 by gun. In order to buy a gun in Mexico, customers must provide a valid ID, show proof of an honest income, pass a criminal background check, prove that any military duties were completed with honor, be fingerprinted and photographed to purchase a gun. Yet as of 2012, Mexico’s one gun shopShow MoreRelatedGun Control And The Constitution Of The Nation1509 Words   |  7 PagesWayne LaPierre, a gun rights advocate and executive vice president of the National Rifle Association, said, â€Å"The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.† Gun control is laws that regulate the sale and possession of firearms. These laws have become a more prominent discussion due to crime, and they attempt to reduce violence. Many countries have some sort of gun control, but the United States have different rules for each state. The United Kingdom have some of the strictestRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control2107 Words   |  9 PagesWe as a country have been caught up lately in the idea that we need to take away people s guns in order to make people safer. Adolf Hitler once said, â€Å"To conquer a nation, first disarm its citizens (Quotes About).† Do I really need to explain where history seems to be repeating here. Instead of turning it into a possible genocide, there needs to be focus on the mental health of people. What people do not seem to understand is that by trying to control guns, you are just making it easier for thoseRead MoreThe Constitution Shall Never Be Construed2343 Words   |  10 PagesFirearm Freedom â€Å"The Constitution shall never be construed to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms† (Adams). Samuel Adams said this while forming the Constitution, in order to protect United States citizens. The United States of America is one of the few nations that allow citizens to own a weapon. The recent mass murders in public centers have increased the fear of guns amongst the citizens. Guns are now stigmatized after the several massRead MoreWorld War Ii and Hitler8135 Words   |  33 Pagesthe German People Activity Sheet - Hitler and the Treaty of Versailles Writing Frame - Versailles Treaty Anagrams and Versailles Feelings Anagrams - Treaty of Versailles Wordsearch - Treaty of Versailles Crossword Section 3 Hitler s Actions Page 14,15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 - Information Pages - Suggested Activities - What Hitler Did Blank Timeline Frame - What Hitler did and Allies Response Blank Table - Hitler s Actions Wordsearch - Hitler s Actions Crossword WWII Causes Information

Community Good in Pharmaceutical Industries - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunity Good in Pharmaceutical Industries. Answer: In all the industries in the world, one would expect that the healthcare sector is on the forefront of having the best Corporate Social Responsibility. However, most pharmaceutical industries or companies have shown irresponsibility in what they are supposed to do. There have been lack of commitment in reducing the escalation of unoriginal drugs in the markets. Globally, drug manufacturing companies have been forced to produce two categories of drugs. For example, generic and original drugs.The effect is splilled on the public who are the consumers of these drugs. The healthcare sector has been seen as lagging behind in terms of being a responsible corporate sector by failing to create a friendly environment that encompasses the Corporate Social Responsibility (Trong Tuan, 2012). Other entrants into the healthcare sector are at risk of having a poor societal relationship with the community. Such other small players may include pharmaceutical companies. The pharmaceutical industry has made a business of marketing and selling drugs, which they do not do accordingly. Sometimes these pharmaceutical industries mislead the doctors and the public about safety issues by giving false evidence on the efficacy of drugs (Collins, 2010). They fail to inform the public cleary of the impacts of their drugs. Consequently, many people including doctors and physicians sometimes find it hard to prescribe which type of drug to patients. In many countries, there are many industries where some of them do not manufacture genuine drugs. Such drugs, called generic may have effects on the patients if used or may not work efficiently as original ones. The pharmaceutical industry is facing serious challenges due to the manufacturing of generic drugs that are increasing in quantity and popularity as well. This has become a global concern and a challenge to pharmaceutical industries. To the public, it has become hard to distinguish between genuine and fake drugs. The government and insurers also are putting pressure on them to lower the prices so that the public may not find it too pinching. The enacting of policies and vigilance by the governments has now caused the drug makers much headache. Globally, this issue of drugs is a challenge to many people; the public and the hospitals and the problem worsened when the pharmaceutical industries realize that there are a few drugs in the pipeline (Faria, 2007). There is very little or none that the society can do to avoid involving in this problem. They depend on the prescription of the doctors, physicians, what is available in pharmacies, and their ability to afford drugs. This issue has made it very hard for many people to trust the pharmaceutical companies. Some people think that they are out to exploit the public by not caring about their health. Hospitals and physicians feel guilty of the same problems ranging from over-utilization of profitable procedures and examinations on properly insured patients. On the other hand, patients that are not well-insured and those that are not insured struggle to get services worsening the relationship between the hospitals and the society, and the government as well. At the same time, pharmaceutical industries have increased their budgets for marketing in order to maximize profits. While they do this, they often lay off their workers so as to manipulate their quarterly results to appear favorable in the eyes of the public. In this case, hospitals which seem to be lacking incentives usually fail to improve proper utilization of their prospects (Salton, Jones, 2015). It is not only that the society pays for these actions, but the patients suffer a great deal because of improper and excessive therapies arising from these poor services and wrong drugs. It is important therefore to look at ways in which pharmaceutical companies can ensure that these acts are minimized and the public is not infringed its rights to obtain quality health services and to ensure that the quality of healthcare services is upheld and strengthened. Companies outside healthcare sector have shown how to achieve strategic balance with social, environment, and the society. Environmental issues have been a concern and a big problem that threatens the health and life of Gods creature. Drug manufacturers and pharmaceutical industries must take care of the environment by ensuring that pollution and disposal of wastes are done in a proper manner (McDonald, 2014). Ways to Address the Challenge The issue of pharmaceutical drugs is a real global problem. The physicians and the public are extremely confused about which direction to take when a prescription has been done or is being done. There are varieties of drugs in the market that may be used to treat a particular disease, but some of these drugs are never genuine. This has lowered the public trust on the manufacturers, hospitals, and physicians. Thus, the CSR of this healthcare sector has failed to address issues of concern and win back the public trust. It is therefore important to look at a few things that may be done to address such issues. If not addressed in time, the consequences on the public may not be so friendly and may call for a suffering sort of. The governments should be at the frontline in fighting for the rights of the public by coming up with policies that will address the issues. Pharmaceutical industries should be regulated and checked to ensure that they manufacture genuine drugs alongside enlightening the public through their marketing, the news about their drugs. These policies will be able to guide the public from exploitation by the manufacturers. At the same time, the patients should have a proper or complete cover so that they access and benefit from quality services available at the hospitals that they may not access due to financial problems (Takahashi, Ellen, Brown, 2013). Apart from enacting proper policies to deal with exploitations, the public should be engaged and told about the dangers of purchasing unapproved drugs from unauthorized dealers. The use of these drugs may endanger the health of human beings. Because this is a global issue, it is important that governments come up with a common policy to regulate the industries and bar them from manipulating the public. Hospitals and healthcare centers are supposed to be at the forefront in supporting and encouraging CSR. Physicians, doctors, and pharmacists get in touch with the public very frequently, and therefore they must develop a good relationship with the public (Ha?yry, Takala, Herissone-Kelly, 2005). It is important to look at ways in which pharmaceutical companies can ensure that these acts are minimized and the public is not infringed its rights to obtain quality health services and to ensure that the quality of healthcare services is upheld and strengthened (Smith, 2010). Companies outside healthcare sector have shown how to achieve strategic balance with social, environment, and the society. Environmental issues have been a concern and a big problem that threatens the health and life of Gods creature. Drug manufacturers and pharmaceutical industries must take care of the environment by ensuring that pollution and disposal of wastes are done in a proper manner. There should be proper guidelines for disposing of wastes by pharmaceutical companies so that they do not cause environmental hazards. Therefore, many people feel the pinch of high prices for drugs that would be much affordable if the manufacturing industries do the right things by avoiding extreme thirst to maximize their profits at the expense of the patients. Not only the pharmaceutical industries exploiting the public but even the health insurance companies, have also taken the advantage of taking the public for a ride (Trong Tuan, 2012). They are never transparent in their operations. The public spend a lot of money to insure their health but what they reap is not commensurate to what they subscribe. It is thus necessary that the government take great initiative to check what the health insurance companies do to the public to ensure they do not mistreat the public. I suggest that the manufacturers of such drugs should be barred from producing such drugs. There should be constant checks, so that only genuine and original drugs allowed in the market. But, this would be possible if developed countries play their part in curbing this problem. We believe that these drugs are mostly produced in developed countries. References Collins, S. (2010). An exploration of Corporate Social Responsibility and Machiavellianism in future healthcare professionals (1st ed.). Faria, A. (2007). Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Latin America: A Critical Standpoint. Social Responsibility Journal, 3(1), 23-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471117200700003 Ha?yry, M., Takala, T., Herissone-Kelly, P. (2005). Bioethics and social reality (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. McDonald, S. (2014). Social responsibility clusters arising from social partnerships. Social Responsibility Journal, 10(2), 331-347. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-12-2012-0152 Salton, R., Jones, S. (2015). The corporate social responsibility reports of global pharmaceutical firms. British Journal Of Healthcare Management, 21(1), 21-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2015.21.1.21 Smith, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in the healthcare insurance industry: a cause-branding approach. International Journal Of Electronic Healthcare, 5(3), 284. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeh.2010.034177 Smith, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in the healthcare insurance industry: a cause-branding approach. International Journal Of Electronic Healthcare, 5(3), 284. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeh.2010.034177 Takahashi, T., Ellen, M., Brown, A. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and hospitals: US theory, Japanese experiences, and lessons for other countries. Healthcare Management Forum, 26(4), 176-179. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hcmf.2013.07.003 Trong Tuan, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, leadership, and brand equity in healthcare service. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(3), 347-362. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111211247929 Trong Tuan, L. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, ethics, and corporate governance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 547-560. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272110

WordPress Chatbots How to Create Them, Plus Their Benefits

No matter how comprehensive your website is, your visitors will inevitably ask questions. It’s best to answer those questions as quickly as possible, but you won’t always be available. That’s where using WordPress chatbots can come in handy.You’ve probably seen chatbots on other websites – programs that can carry out basic conversations through text. While this may seem like a complex feature, adding a chatbot to your own site is surprisingly easy. You just need the right tool.In this article, we’ll explain how chatbots work and how they might be able to benefit your WordPress site. Then we’ll introduce some tools for adding WordPress chatbots, and show you how to start using them. Let’s go! Three tools for adding chatbots to your WordPress website1. BotsifyFirst up, we have Botsify. This tool is simple to use, even for beginners. There’s a drag-and-drop designer that makes building your chatbot interface simple, and plen ty of analytics options to help you refine your WordPress chatbots over time.What’s more, Botsify makes it easy to integrate your chatbot with WordPress. However, you will need one of the paid plans to create a website chatbot.2. WP ChatbotNext, let’s look at a WordPress-specific tool:WP Chatbot is one of the few chatbot plugins designed specifically for WordPress.You’ll build your chatbot using the standard WordPress editor, with a few new options. WP Chatbot is also fully responsive and offers multiple design options. This is a premium plugin that costs $30 for a standard license.3. Watson AssistantFinally, if you’re looking for a more advanced option, Watson Assistant is worth considering:This solution offers both free and paid tiers, and enables you to build a chatbot with complex functionality.It will be able to understand when users switch topics or provide multiple pieces of information in one exchange, and respond appropriately. You can use this t ool to create WordPress chatbots using the IBM Watson Assistant plugin, which has few active installs but excellent reviews.Once you’ve chosen the right solution for your site, all that’s left to do is actually create your chatbot. How this works will vary depending on the platform you’re using, but let’s look at one example.How to create WordPress chatbots with BotsifyIn this section, we’re going to show you how to create a chatbot using Botsify. We’ve chosen this platform because it’s simple to get started with, and doesn’t require using a plugin.As we mentioned, you will need a paid account to create WordPress chatbots with Botsify. However, you can easily try the tool out via the free trial. After signing up, you’ll be sent an email with instructions on how to get started.After that, you can log into your account:You can either search for an existing template, which will fill in some of the details for you, or create a chatbot from scratch. To do the latter, click on the Chatbot for Website button. Give your chatbot a name, and select Create. You can then access the dashboard you’ll use to customize the chatbot:There are a lot of options here. First, select Basic Messages from the left-hand menu. This is where you can decide what your chatbot will say to introduce itself to new visitors:You can also use the Default message section to input a generic response the chatbot will use whenever someone asks a question it doesn’t understand.To start teaching your chatbot, you’ll want to visit the New Story section:Each ‘story’ is made up of one or more potential user inputs, and a response from the chatbot. You simply enter keywords or phrases into the User says field, and then type the desired reply into the Bot says field. You can even add alternate responses, so the chatbot replies a little differently each time someone asks it the same question.At this point, you c an start teaching your chatbot, and check out the documentation if you get stuck. When you’re done, you can embed the chatbot into your WordPress site by adding a little code to your footer.php file:It’s worth noting that most chatbot tools work in a very similar fashion. So if Botsify isn’t to your liking, you’ll already be a step ahead when you try out another solution.ConclusionAdding a chatbot to your website is a little like hiring a part-time employee. Your chatbot can welcome visitors, answer some of their basic questions, and direct them to wherever they need to go (such as your contact page). This is a smart, easy way to improve the user experience on your site.To create WordPress chatbots, you’ll need a dedicated solution. Here are a few you can try out:Botsify: A reasonably-priced, flexible chatbot tool that is easy to get started with.WP Chatbot: A premium WordPress plugin that simplifies adding a chatbot to your site.Watson Assistant: A more advanced option with a lot of functionality and analytics options.Do you have any questions about how to use WordPress chatbots effectively? Drop us a line in the comments section below! "Hey Google - how can I create #WordPress #chatbots?" By following this tutorial

Free Essays on Vampirism

Vampires. Blood sucking beast shrieking through the night, or are they more. Vampires are said to be supernatural creatures roaming the night, but they can be much more as you shall see. This brings me to the reason and definition of a "Psychic Vampire". This actually has a double meaning. Satanically speaking, a Psychic Vampire is one who purposely will draw your emotions to them just to make themselves feel good. They will feel sorrow so that you will comfort them or they will show you love just for the purpose of receiving it in return. The second type of Psychic Vampire would be more directed along the line of mysticism and magick. A Psychic Vampire is not one who feeds on blood, but rather one who draws the energy force from their victims body. This can be voluntarily or without knowing it. A person who just seems to wear you out when you are around them would fall into this category. Psychic Vampire can also have malicious intent, but generally there's not much to fear as most are not very proficient and a "psychic draining" is not fatal. These two meaning indeed differ greatly. The first is a more obnoxious, annoying person who deserves a heart of stone to blo ck their worthless attempts. The second, however, is open to the mind of the individual. It's hard to say if this even exists, but many would say it does. If it is a true form of magick then there are ways to protect yourself. Either case, Psychic Vampires exist, so take caution. Actual Vampirism including drinking of blood is a much more different story. I have received various e-mails about people asking me what it is to be a vampire, how blood affects you, and if I personally believe in the many myths and legends. Well, I'll start off with a very simple fact. It is most dangerous to go around pretending to be a story-book vampire when you indeed are not one. As soon as you end up breaking your legs jumping off of a building, or being jailed for attempting to bi... Free Essays on Vampirism Free Essays on Vampirism Vampires. Blood sucking beast shrieking through the night, or are they more. Vampires are said to be supernatural creatures roaming the night, but they can be much more as you shall see. This brings me to the reason and definition of a "Psychic Vampire". This actually has a double meaning. Satanically speaking, a Psychic Vampire is one who purposely will draw your emotions to them just to make themselves feel good. They will feel sorrow so that you will comfort them or they will show you love just for the purpose of receiving it in return. The second type of Psychic Vampire would be more directed along the line of mysticism and magick. A Psychic Vampire is not one who feeds on blood, but rather one who draws the energy force from their victims body. This can be voluntarily or without knowing it. A person who just seems to wear you out when you are around them would fall into this category. Psychic Vampire can also have malicious intent, but generally there's not much to fear as most are not very proficient and a "psychic draining" is not fatal. These two meaning indeed differ greatly. The first is a more obnoxious, annoying person who deserves a heart of stone to blo ck their worthless attempts. The second, however, is open to the mind of the individual. It's hard to say if this even exists, but many would say it does. If it is a true form of magick then there are ways to protect yourself. Either case, Psychic Vampires exist, so take caution. Actual Vampirism including drinking of blood is a much more different story. I have received various e-mails about people asking me what it is to be a vampire, how blood affects you, and if I personally believe in the many myths and legends. Well, I'll start off with a very simple fact. It is most dangerous to go around pretending to be a story-book vampire when you indeed are not one. As soon as you end up breaking your legs jumping off of a building, or being jailed for attempting to bi...

Choose the Best Time to Study for Finals

Choose the Best Time to Study for Finals With finals coming up in just a couple weeks, a lot of students start planning their studying schedules. However, theres an important factor to take into consideration when making a plan: when do you study best? Youve heard of â€Å"morning† and â€Å"night† people, right? Some people simply function better in the morning than at night while others struggle to get out of bed in the morning but have no problem burning the midnight oil. Each individual has times during the day when their brain is more alert and theyre able to assimilate and process information as well as create and produce. Trying to push through during the other hours can not only be unproductive, it can also be counter-productive. Thats because the study session wont have been successful, leading to burn-out and discouragement. Finding out the best time to study can help you make the most of your limited time during finals season. Why It Matters During Finals During finals period, this concept is particularly relevant. By identifying when youre most alert, you can plan a study schedule that allows you to maximize your productivity. You can choose to rest or do other activities during your less productive hours to make sure you can make the most out of your â€Å"on† time. How To Identify Your Most Productive Time Most people have an instinct for when theyre most productive. If you tend to be bright and ready for the day in the morning but hit a slump after lunch, and tend to knock off early, falling asleep while reading at 9p.m., you can assume that mornings are your best time. If mornings are tough for you and you generally need a landslide of caffeine to get you moving, slowly working your way up to speed as the day wears on and peaking at night after dinner, then your nights will be your most productive times. Some people have slow mornings and early nights but tend to burst with energy in the afternoons. In that case, your most productive time will be during the afternoon. Of course, the best way to be sure is to test this theory out. Choose to study in the morning, afternoon and night and see which one works best for you. If you have the chance to give this a test drive before the finals season hits, it could really help you make the most out of your study time. How Can You Maximize Your Productive Hours? Once you discover your best working time, you should find ways to guard that precious time. Eliminate or at least limit your distractions as much as possible. A quiet, isolated place to study would be ideal so you dont run the risk of friends or family members interrupting you. Turning off phones or putting them on silent or vibrate is also a helpful way to keep distractions to a minimum. Dont tempt yourself with social media during these hours, either. Leave that for another time. Create a Pattern If you can create and stick to a schedule, it will be even more beneficial to your productivity. Adhering to a specific plan every day helps trigger the brain into â€Å"work mode† when its time for serious studying and can enhance your productivity even more. The more consistent you are, the better your work sessions will be. Dont just be consistent with your work, though. Being consistent with the things you do outside of your studying hours is also important. Exercise, eating, and sleeping routines also help keep the brain and body in top running condition. Many successful writers keep consistent schedules. Acclaimed author Haruki Murakami keeps a rigorous schedule of waking at 4am, writing for five or six hours, running or swimming or both and then reading and listening to music. Bed-time is 9:00pm. He describes this process of bringing himself into a kind of a trance with a repetitive pattern that he can rely on every day. Whichever time of day is best for your studies, make sure to get the most out of it by limiting distractions and making the most of your â€Å"off† time as well.

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Health care - Essay Example Since, they deem politicians or administrators lack adequate medical experience useful in devising policies meant to upgrade medical field as necessitated (Williams & Torrens, 2008). The assuming of administrative roles by medical professionals is of great importance (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Since, they do possess adequate knowhow regarding their sector besides varied experiences, which they do posses. Therefore, while in the top, they will devise and execute policies as per their knowledge regarding various issues, which entail quick response, or undertaking (Williams & Torrens, 2008). This is contrary to the politicians or elected administrators who in most cases end up devising or implementing irrelevant policies. Since, they do not align with what may be of great essence at a particular period (Holmes, 2010). Mainly, these mistakes adversely affect service delivery thus extending to the patients and even practitioners (Williams & Torrens, 2008). The issue’s concern via the assistance of health professionals will improve medical field’s operations. Since, the field’s experts will be in a position to offer advice to politicians and ensu re certain essentials are in place. These essentials not only ease service delivery but also ensure that practitioners’ working conditions are secure (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Besides, the assuming of administrative roles by health professionals will aid in linking other related sectors effectively, which a politician could not have thought about them. For instance, suppliers, accrediting agencies besides devising policies meant to ensure suitable service delivery especially by varied health organizations (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Both the topic and issue of concern bear critical roles of ensuring HMO operations run smoothly (Williams & Torrens, 2008). This is because

The departed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The departed - Essay Example Well, the three characters involve in unethical behavior patterns driven by factors such as legal moralism, codes of conduct, universal responsibility, egoism, free will, and determinism. The discussion focuses on such factors in the two protagonists (police agent and the undercover police agent), reasons for corruption in the criminal justice system, how to use critical thinking in enforcing the law, and the necessity to differentiate between morality and ethics. Scorsese uses glowing money shots relating them to the key characters, to create an outstanding theme, and categorize these characters. The major theme in the story relates to the character's attitude towards money, which molds the behavior for each character (Sickels, 2011). In addition, he retains the viewer’s attention through matching on the scene and implementing blurry backgrounds. The shots taken with the story, the angle by which the producer took, and the glowing film background pointing the major characters , Billy Costigan and Colin Sullivan, whom the story revolves around, all assist in enhancing the storyline. More so, the story is all about the two double police agents, Colin and Billy, assigned to infiltrate the enemy camp of the other, which creates captivating actions. It is right to state that the story is classical regardless the fact that it is recent production. The plot is full of linear chronology, with limited or no flashbacks, because each action and plot precedes continuously in a forward motion (Sickels, 2011). Complete closure is evident at the ending of the story: the police kills all the â€Å"bad† agents without leaving a single of them. Consequently, Billy receives a respectful burial, memorable speech and several gunshots. Nevertheless, it is easy to categorize the characters into stereotypes. The three main characters featuring in the movie function symbolically in terms of the Superego, Ego and Id, while taking note that the ego behavior structure itself is self-permeable and fluid. Francis Costello, the key antagonist pretends to be the mafia â€Å"boss.† He acts in all unethical behaviors starting from trading illegal and illicit properties while at the same time teaching unethical behavior of the mafia members (Schoeffmann, et al., 2011). For instance, a statement in the story states his teaching to a young boy from the neighboring village, â€Å"You have to take what you want in life.† Costello is a perfect example of pure Id because he enacts his urges and primal drives without much remorse, reflection or restraint (Sickels, 2011). At the beginning of the story, it is evident of him stating â€Å"I never wanted to be a product of my environment. I want my environment to be a product of me.† The audience soon grabs the idea of the naughty guys and the good guys, as well as, the crooked cop after watching the movie (Monaco, 2010). The objectives of the key character come out clearly in the movie: Colin has t he desire of getting successful and rich; he desires to stay as close as possible to the authority seat, which is evident in the way he fascinates with the â€Å"State House.† For instance, the story shows an incidence when he gazes at the seat for some time, after the greatest football game (Wernblad, 2010).. Consequently, a colleague,

Literary Genre Essay Example for Free

Literary Genre Essay What is Literature? Language Department IPGK Pendidikan Teknik Based on your experience learning literature, what is literature? What are the characteristics of literature? Do you need to learn literature? †¢? Traditionally, literature is â€Å"imaginative† writing. †¢? However, the distinction between â€Å"real† and â€Å"fake† or â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† isn’t always a good distinction; many classical works were non-fiction. Literature is Subjective †¢? Since the 1980’s, the â€Å"literary canon† of works – a group of works â€Å"agreed upon† to be â€Å"the best† by well-known scholars and critics, has been disputed. Why do you think the â€Å"canon† was disputed? †¢? The â€Å"Canon† excluded most works that were not by white, European males. †¢? Works of literature by women, homosexuals, and works by individuals of varied races, classes and ethnicities were marginalised. How did this happen? †¢? There are many ways of â€Å"writing† – but those in power recognised only one, formal way of â€Å"writing†, and this was given the higher value. †¢? Thus, the literary â€Å"canon† is a construct; it was fashioned by particular people for particular reasons at a particular time. †¢? There is no literary work or tradition that has value in and of itself †¦ †¢? †¦. even Shakespeare! †¢? In his era, Shakespeare was regarded as a hack! †¢? Time and circumstance has offered the value to particular text; and this â€Å"value† is a transitive term – it will change as the people in power change and are altered, and according to the context of the reading of a particular text. 10 years ago †¦. †¢? BLOGS were stupid. †¢? NOW, Iraq War Veterans’ BLOGS are considered vital historic and â€Å"literary† documents! Revisioning the Canon: †¢? All â€Å"literary† works are unconsciously rewritten by the societies that read them. Context †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the  light of their own concerns. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given circumstances. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given time period. The Diary of Anne Frank: †¢? Literature? Or Not? I Have A Dream: †¢? Is this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Literature? Or Not? Literature and â€Å"value† †¢? Each of us is constructed by experiences and backgrounds and emotions and ideas and prejudices and knowledge and lack of knowledge †¦ †¢? How we each respond to a particular text is deeply entwined with our broader prejudices and belief systems. Basic Definition of Literature †¢? Latin – litterae (plural for letter) †¢? Literally means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† Why Do We Study Literature? †¢? To obtain a window of the world and other cultures. †¢? To understand ourselves (how? ). †¢? To gain insights into a character’s inner thoughts, con? icts, aspirations etc. †¢? To actively shape culture through the active and articulate constructions of sociocultural realities. So †¦ what is literature? †¢? What constitutes a â€Å"literary† text? †¢? What qualities will help me to determine the â€Å"literariness† of a text? †¢? Read â€Å"What is Literature† by Jim Meyer for our class discussion this Thursday.

Othello Passage :: essays research papers

Act V, Scene ii., lines 122-134 Emilia. O, who hath done this deed? Desdemona. Nobody--I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my kind lord. O, farewell! [She dies.] Othello. Why, how should she be murd'red? Emilia. Alas, who knows? Othello. You heard her say herself, it was not I. Emilia. She said so. I must needs report the truth. Othello. She's like a liar gone to burning hell! 'Twas I that killed her. Emilia. O, the more angel she, And you the blacker devil! Othello. She turned to folly, and she was a whore. Emila. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil. Othello. She was as false as water. Emilia. Thou art rash as fire to say That she was false. O, she was heavenly true! Othello's grief and his deep love for Desdemona led to a series of actions and dialogue located at the climax of the story. The chosen passage came near the end of this work--just after Othello smothered Desdemona with her pillow. Shakespeare, simply and probably tritely put, was a genius. His artful mastery of meter, diction, imagery, and tone is matchless and captivates interest and thought like no other. Meter in a literary work, just like all other components, can be a key factor in affecting the reader's thoughts and mood. Of course, this being Shakespeare, meter was utilized with a definite purpose. Because this portion of the play is dramatic and suspenseful, an erratic, loose structure is appropriate. The author "changed things up" and "kept the reader guessing" with regard to the structure and meter--thus causing even more suspense than what the plot had already provided. In this group of dialogue, Othello loses his usual poetic eloquence. His mental and emotional composure were compromised, thus impairing his diction. This temporary breach in character displayed his internal conflict and how it was affecting him as a person--for Othello's dignified speech, just as the way anyone speaks, was a part of him as a person. Displayed in many other works, contrasting imagery, or perhaps simply contrast in general, is present in my excerpt from Othello. For example, Emilia calls Desdemona an angel, while designating Othello a devil. Also, Othello says Desdemona was "as false as water" while, in the subsequent line Emilia accuses Othello as being "as rash as fire." By including these contrasts, Shakespeare heightened the intensity of the moment as well as expressed the mood and thoughts of the characters. There are many words that can describe the tone at this point in the play: chaotic, confused, angry, impulsive. Emilia's thought process is not so much shared by the reader as empathized by the reader--though we know what's going on, we can identify with her anger and confusion.

Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1

1. Managing customers as assets? – * Building the right relationships with the right customers involves treating customers as assets that need to be managed and maximized * Different types of customers require different relationship management strategies * Customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction * 2. Marketing Mix (4 P’s) * Product, price, place and promotion—the controllable set of activities that a firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets * Product- goods, services and ideas Price-everything the buyer gives up (time, energy, money) in exchange for the product * Place- all the activities necessary to get the product to the right customer when that customer wants it. * Supply chain management- the set of approaches and techniques that firms employ to efficiently and effectively integrate their suppliers, manufacturers, warehou ses, stores, and other firms involved in the transaction, such as transportation companies into a seamless value chain. This allows merchandise to be produced and distributed in the right quantities, to the right place, and at the right time. * Promotion- Communicating the value of a product to its customers. * 3. Consumer decision making process- * Need Recognition- consumers recognize that they have an unsatisfied need and want to go from their needy state to a desired state. The bigger this gap is=the greater the need recognition. * Functional needs- pertains to the performance of a product or service. Psychological needs- pertain to the personal gratification consumers associate with a product or service. **shoes are needed to keep feet clean. $500 shoes satisfy a psychological need. * THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL MARKETING: establishing a balance between these two needs that best appeals to that firm’s target market * Search For Information- second step is to search for info about various options that will satisfy the need. The length of time spent on this will relate to how much risk is involved should you hoose the wrong option. * Internal search for information- the buyer examines his own memory and knowledge about the option. * External search for information- buyer seeks information from outside himself to make a decision. Talking with friends, family, sales people, research online†¦ * Factors the affect consumer’s’ search process * Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Costs – is it worth the time and effort? If there is high risk (buying a house) people will spend more time researching. The Locus of Control – people with internal locus control believe they have control over the outcomes of their actions. These people do more researching. People with external locus of control believe that fate and external factors control outcomes. It doesn’t matter to them how long they spend searching. * Actual or Perceived Risk- Performance, Financial and psychological risks influence how long and how much research will be done. * Performance Risk - risk of getting a bad (poorly performing) product. Financial Risk- risk with money outlay. Warranties reduce that risk * Psychological risks- how people feel if a product does not convey the right image * Type of Product or Service- specialty, shopping, and convenience products * Specialty goods and services- people have a strong preference and will expend time looking for the best supplier (prius vs other hybrid†¦) * Shopping goods and services- going from store to store looking for a product (perfume, shoes†¦. * Convenience goods and services- things that do not require research and are often purchases without very much thought (bread, soap†¦) * Evaluation of Alternatives- sifting through the available choices they have gathered info on and evaluating the option available to them. Universal sets- all possible choices available to them for that product * Retrieval sets- brands or stores that can be easily remembered and always come to mind * Evoked set- alternative brands and stores that a customer states they would consider when making a choice(companies want to be here to increase likelihood of purchase and reduce searching in other areas). This is the group that the choice has been narrowed down to by specific criteria. * Evaluative criteria- a set of important attributes about a particular product. ( looking for a tv†¦picture quality, rightness, reputation, technical support†¦) * Determinant attributes- product or service features that are important to the buyer and where competing brands may differ. * Consumer decision rules- the set of rules and criteria that consumers use consciously or subconsciously to quickly and efficiently select from alternatives. * Compensatory- assumes that the consumer trades off one characteristic for another. * Non compensatory- when consumers choose a product or service on the basis of a characteristic regardless of the value of its other characteristics. Decision heuristics- mental shortcuts that help a consumer narrow down choices. Price, brand, product presentation * Purchase and Consumption- buying a product and â€Å"putting it to the test† * Ritual consumption- pattern of behaviors tied to life events that affect what and how we consume. Symbolic meaning and vary my importance and culture. * Post Purchase- marketers are interested in this because it involves actual customers rather than potential customers. Satisfied customers become repeat customers. Customer satisfaction- build realistic expectations, demonstrate correct product use, stand behind the product with money back and warranty guarantees and encourage customer feedback * Post purchase dissonance- the uncomfortable feeling produced by inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors, buyer’s remorse * Customer loyalty- marketers attempt to solidify a loyal relationship with their customers * Undesirable consumer behavior- negative word of mouth * 4. Maslow's hierarchy? Maslow’s Hierarchy of N eeds * Physiological- basic biological necessities of life – food, shelter drink and rest. In most developed countries these needs are generally met, but in less fortunate countries they’re not. * Safety needs- protection and physical well being (airbags, alarms, vitamins†¦) * Love needs- relate to our interactions with others * Esteem needs- satisfy their inner desires, (yoga, meditation†¦) * Self actualization – occurs when you feel completely satisfied with your life and how you live. You don’t care what others think. * 5. BCG matrix? – Boston Consulting Group Matrix * Provides a framework for allocating resources among different units. Things are explained as being in one of four areas of a grid: * Cash cow- a unit that has a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. Cash cows don’t require much more investment * Star- a business unit that has a large market share in a industry that is rapidly growing. They produce a lot of cash and require a lot of investment to keep up their competitive advantage * Question mark (Problem Child)- unit that has a small market share in a quickly growing market. They require a lot of resources and their potential is relatively unknown * Dog- a unit that has a small share of the market in a mature stable industry. Does not require investment. But could this money be used in a better unit? 6. Marketing strategy options- Marketing strategy- identifies a firms target market(s), a related marketing mix—their four P’s, the basis upon which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage * Sustainable competitive advantage- an advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. * Customer excellence- achieved when a firm develops a value based strategy for retaining loyal customers and provides outstanding customer service * ? Having a strong brand, unique merchandise and great customer service solidify this. Operational excellence- through efficient operations, excellent supply chain management, strong relationships with their suppliers and excellent human resource management to yield productive employees. * Product excellence- involves a focus on achieving high quality products; effective branding and positioning is key. * THE MARKETING PLAN * Define the business mission * Conduct a situation Analysis(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis) * Identifying and Evaluating Opportunities using segmentation, targeting and positioning * Implement Marketing Mix and Allocate Resources Evaluate Performance Using Marketing Metrics * GROWTH STRATEGIES * Market Penetration- employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firm’s efforts on existing customers. * May include: attracting new customers to the firm’s existing market, encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more often, * Requires efforts such as increase d advertising and additional sale and promotions, intensified distribution efforts in geographic areas where the product or service is already sold. Market Development Strategy- employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments whether domestic or international * International expansion is riskier because firms must deal with differences in culture, government regulations, supply chains and language. * Product Development Strategy- offers a new product of service to a firm’s current market. * Diversification strategy- introduces a new product or service to a market segment that currently is not served * Diversification opportunities may be either related or unrelated. When related the current target market and or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity * Unrelated diversification lacks any common elements with the present business, so they do not capitalize on the cores strengths associated with markets or products. They are very risky. 7. Different types of Marketing Research options and their pros and cons? * Market Research Process * 1) Define the problem * 2) Develop the research plan * 3) Collect data * 4) Develop findings 5) Take Actions based on your findings * Sources of Data * Primary Research- original data collected by researchers themselves * Quantitative research is data analysis based on archival data, panel data or questionnaires from a large group of respondents * Qualitative research (e. g. ethnographic research) provides a holistic view of a research problem by integrating a larger number of variables, but asking only a few respondents * Secondary research- data collected and nalyzed by someone else * Ex ploratory Research- attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest; also provides initial information wen the problem lacks any clear definition * Conclusive Research- provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action * Observation- exploratory research method that entails examining the purchase and consumption behaviors through personal or video camera scrutiny. In-Depth interview- exploratory research technique in which trained researchers as questions, listen to and record the answers and pose additional questions to clarify or expand on a particular issue. * Survey- a systematic means of collecting information from people that generally uses a questionnaire * Unstructured questions- open ended questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words * Structured questions- close-ended questions that proved respondents with specific answers to evaluate. How to evaluate the data- * Who co llected the data? * Would there be any reason to purposely misrepresent the facts? * For what purpose was the data collected? * How / when was the data collected? * Are the data internally consistent and logical in the light of known data sources or market factors? * Is the instrument available? 8. Coke Case? – After 99 years of Coca-Cola, executives decided to abandon their formula and start over. In the 1970’s people began preferring Pepsi to Coke during taste test groups. Coke conducted their own tests and found the same results. Looking to regain the market share, they decided to change their formula. Perception of this idea varied widely during focus group interviews. Secret tests of different coke formulas in cities across the country showed that 55% of people preferred the â€Å" New Coke. † Executives conducted a press conference to release this information. News spread quickly, and soon complaints came pouring in when people were aware. After this release only 30% of people preferred the new Coke. This is said to be the â€Å"Marketing Blunder of the Decade† 9. John Quelch's ideas on the â€Å"New Normal† (under lecture 3 or lecture 4? > slides)? * â€Å"New Normal† types of consumers Slam-on-the-brakes (sudden loss of income) Pained-but-patient(see light at the end, hope) Live-for-today(have job, party like 1999 Comfortably-well-offs(willing to postpone for now) * â€Å"New Normal† types of purchase Essentials (switch from organic to non-organic or switch brands). Treats (minimize quantity or frequency of purchases (e. g. , Haagen Daz). Post-ponables (e. g. , big ticket items like washers, TVs, remodeling, dental work, plastic surgery) Expendables (e. g. , multiple vacations per year, private schools, eating out, going out to movies) 10. Segmentation, target market, repositioning? * Types of Segmentation- * Niche Marketing * Focusing on meeting the needs of one specific target market * Often the best strategy for small companies in a large market * Can be risky if the niche is not large enough to be profitable * Differentiated Marketing Using several different marketing mixes to target several different target markets * Allows companies to target a larger number of customers * Can lead to higher market share overall * Can be difficult to maintain cost efficiencies with multiple marketing mixes * Individual Marketing * Customizing the marketing mix to meet individual needs * Ideal because marketers are meeting the needs of individual customers * Requires very detailed information on customers * Can be difficult/expen sive to implement Demographic Segmentation * Gender * Age * Race/Ethnicity * Income Level * Occupation * Education Level * Household size or composition * Psychographic Segmentation- * Based on social class, lifestyles, personality and beliefs * Often generalized from activities, interests and opinions * Can be difficult to categorize consumers but categorizations are likely to be more accurate than simple demographic segmentation * Criteria for good segmenting- * Consumers within a segment are homogeneous. * Consumers between segments are heterogeneous. The segment is profitable. * The segment is reachable. * Criteria for evaluating Segment Attractiveness * Size of the segment * Expected cost to reach the segment * Expected growth of the segment * Competition (ie: 5 forces framework) * Company objectives and resources (e. g. , synergies with other product lines or brands) * Targeting is evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to ent er. To do this, two steps are involved * Developing measures of segment attractiveness * Selecting the target market Positioning- * Goal: Show consumers that your brand can offer them more value than the competition can. * Positioning by competitors: Hertz- We’re #2, so we try harder * Positioning by attribute: Sendodyne- The toothpaste for sensitive teeth * Positioning by use or application: Nyquil- The nighttime, sniffling, sneezing, coughing, aching, stuffy head, fever so you can rest medicine * Positioning by user: Pepsi- The Choice of the new generation * Positioning by product class: Taco Bell- Think outside the bun * 11. Reliability and Validity * Reliability – is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is an estimate of the repeatability of your measurement. * Is an instrument reliable? * Test / Retest – in this appro ach you have the same subjects take the same survey multiple times. The idea behind test / retest is that subjects should get the same scores on test 1 and test two. * Internal consistency – in this approach you group similar questions together and measure how highly correlated they are with one another – Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of correlation used in this method * Validity – is more difficult to define than reliability but basically validity is a measure of how close we are to the truth when we conduct marketing research. Two examples: * Construct validity – are we really measuring what we think we’re measuring? e. g. , satisfaction, brand loyalty * External validity – will our results apply to other settings and contexts or are they limited to the subjects / contexts that we chose for our study? – e. g. , student subjects * * * * * *

The Evaluation of TOEFL test

The test is used in college admissions for non-native English speaking students to an English- peaking country purposes. Although it provides scores of test takers so that college administrators can know their English proficiency directly, the test is not aim at ranking. The test divides criteria into four parts: reading, listening, speaking and writing. According to process, reading comprehension is the first part should be measured. This part tests test takers' ability to comprehend academic reading materials.In this section, the format of questions Is multiple choices and content of test questions Involves In various ways such as testing vocabulary, details, and mall Ideas. To avoid creating an advantage to examinees In any one field of study, sufficient context Is provided so that no specific subject can be used to answer the questions. It is a big advantage of the test. Moreover, other advantage is like that, due to diversified questions, it helps learners to know how to get inf ormation effectively in a limited time.It also encourages test takers to read more academic materials involving in different area and critically think how to read deferent academic articles when they are learning. However, the questions of reading test mostly adopt multiple choice rather than short answer. It may limit takers to think more about their own opinion. For example, when testing about vocabulary, the question Just gives four choices and asks examinees to choose the best one. Actually, there are also have a lot of words can be selected.The goal of the question Is to assess test takers about their understanding of this word. Therefore, I think If questions may ask examinees to write down their own words based on their comprehension that Is better. In the listening section, it involves in dialogues and academic talks. The purpose of this section is to test listening comprehension in academic environment. In other words, it measures test takers' ability of listening for basic comprehension, listening for pragmatic understanding and to connect and combine ideas presented in multiple information sources.Like reading section, the formats of questions also adopt various ways. Moreover, examinees' note taking can be practiced and improved from the listening test. Dialogues and lectures talking will last more than one minute. To most of them, they cannot memorize the whole content without noting. Therefore, how to write down key information in a limited time can be a skill for test takers who will study In an academic atmosphere. Furthermore, diverse formats provide a good opportunity for them to realize how to master essential Information with thinking different ways.The speed of listening Is normal speed and sometimes, the listening test involves in different voices of pronunciation to make test takers know and listening test as we discussed above. I think the way that listening test needs to improve is similar to reading test. It also means that using open questions replace multiple choices can be thought. Next part is speaking test. This section will test ability to communicate effectively in a variety of situations.The ability of synthesizing and summarizing what test takers have read in their textbooks and heard in and outside of the class, the skill of forming their own opinions in response to the information they have processed, well-developed, coherent and clear idea with effective use of grammar, and good pronunciation and intonation these are main goals to assess speaking ability. The strength of this part is to combine reading with speaking and to provide opinion-based questions. Moreover, the degree of each question be tested is gradually harder.The topic for examinees may also from familiar to a little hard to understand. In my opinion, the speaking test can be a bad section as well as a good one in TOEFL. The good way is that it not Just evaluates speaking ability in academic way but also involves in common environment. I t not just has output but input first such as reading, and then speaking. Nevertheless, due to the test is based on Internet, that is, speaking section also needs to be tested in the computer, and it brings a problem.Compared with talking to examiners, it is not flexible. It has no communication between examinees and examiners. For my perspective, test takers also may feel anxiety because there has no response when hey speak and feel nervous or without good preparation to speak due to time limited. The last component in TOEFL is the writing section. It measures ability to write in standard academic English. It divides into two parts: integrated writing task and independent writing task.The goal of the first part integrated writing task asks examiners to demonstrate that they have understood material coming from different sources (reading and listening) and to combine the information from those sources in a coherent, well organized, summarized written form to draw conclusions of the important points. The independent writing task aims to measure the students' ability to state their opinions or express their comments on topics which are based on their personal knowledge and experience. In general, if test takers want to get a higher score, they should know steps of essay and practice more in academic ways.The good thing of this TOEFL writing test is using academic materials to integrate reading and listening to write a summary. Although topic of independent writing task is not necessary referring to academic issues, the writing steps should follow in academic steps. Moreover, owing to computer-based writing, the score is not influenced by handwriting. Nevertheless, it may also be a problem due to time limit especially for some people who are not good at typing or have not well speediness. It is a little hard to deal with except encouraging these persons to practice more about their typing.To sum up, I think TOEFL test is a good test though it brings some challeng e to me. There have a lot of benefits of this test. Firstly, it ensures that test- takers are being measured objectively on the same material. The grading is standardized based on rubrics provided by TEST, so test scores are the same no matter whom or what is scoring them. Secondly, there is no age, no gender and no nationality limit for taking the test. Anyone who wants to assess their English language performance especially for people who need to study aboard in English feedback.When persons received their result, score will definitely appear in their paper and evaluation of each section will be provided so that examinees are able to know the strength and weakness of themselves in general ways. Finally, the speaking and writing parts integrate some input tasks such as reading and listening to test rather than be measured separately. The integrated tasks may be considered more Hellenizing in the test will help learners build the confidence needed to communicate in the academic envi ronments they plan to enter because students need to be able to combine their language skills in the classroom.Appropriate challenge will improve learners to more think about their weakness of language learning and hence to find effective ways they can develop. However, there still have some limitations in the test. In the first place, although test takers can be offered some feedbacks from the organization, the feedbacks of scores Just simplify the degree of their performance. They cannot get more individual feedback about the strength and weakness they have according to the test. Likewise, each level still has its deviation.Even though examinees can get same level of sections for each test, they may confuse about the score why last time they can get a high score whereas this time is a low score. In the second place, I feel the time arrangement also has its problem. In general, the test will last three hours at least but Just ten minutes for break from morning to afternoon. For man y test takers, the time may make them feel exhausted and influence their performance more or less. In the third place, the procedure of the test may also have its weakness.In order to avoid cheating in the test, examiners require learners to answer extra section such as reading or listening based on different individuals randomly. Hence, it will result in the time of speaking section beginning different. It is unfair to the individuals who are doing speaking earlier while others who are still doing reading or listening part can have a chance to listen others' speaking and have more time to prepare during the break. The final point I want to mention is that there have a lot of test preparation for each section test.Learners will make more focus on searching or studying methods in order to get a higher score rather than improve their language ability. As we discussed above the limitation, not all can get right solution. But I think we still are able to find some ways to improve. First ly, the examiners can provide rubrics of each specific score for test takers instead of the level of performance. That is, I think they need to list more details of each point and make learners more better understanding about why they can get this point and why they cannot get. The feedback should mainly reflect individual's strength and weakness instead of general errors.The general problem also can be placed in the reflection but not in the domain way. Secondly, when talking about dealing with the procedure, I think administers may provide another place for test takers about test speaking. In other words, when finishing their reading and listening part, examiners need to go the place which dedicated to speaking test after having a rest. Finally, due to various test preparation, in my opinion, I believe that form of diversification can be a good way to assess. For example, applying more open questions instead of multiple choices may be helpful for improving learners high order thin king.

Essay on living circumstance

Essay on living circumstance Essay on living circumstance Everyone is a special sculpture in the world. Nobody can find another person who is exactly the same as itself. There are many different factors that can significantly influence an individual’s character, values, and beliefs. However, I think the most important one is the living circumstance surround a person. The living circumstance is a very huge topic, so I separate it into three parts. The first thing I want to emphasize is when and where was the person born and lived. There is an old Chinese saying says,† Different areas create different people.† It is obvious that different nations have different generalizations in different periods; everyone is made by a specific historical period. In the memoir Warriors Don’t Cry, the author Melba Beals and her special experience is created by the special historical period of the U.S. Secondly, education is another part of living circumstance. For students, they spend most of the day at school with their classmates and teachers. I have heard lots of stories about how does a teacher changed a student’s life. As for the responsibilities of a teacher, I think that transmitting the culture is very important for really young children up to teens. It is the golden period for a person to build up his or her own personality; teachers should lead students to the right way. In the article Becoming a Writer, Russell Baker is an actively example of changing by his teacher. Last but not least, family background maybe the biggest part of living circumstance. When we were born, we were not born with a set of values and expectations, so we learned them from our parents or adults who raised us,

The Difference Between Plug-In and Standard Hybrid Cars

The Difference Between Plug-In and Standard Hybrid Cars A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as a gas-powered, internal combustion engine plus an electric motor on a battery pack. There are two primary types of hybrid cars on the market, a standard hybrid and a plug-in hybrid. Neither requires that you plug in the car to an electric source, however, with a plug-in hybrid you have the option to do so. The beauty of hybrid cars over gasoline-powered  cars is that they run  cleaner with fewer emissions, they get better gas mileage, which makes them more environmentally friendly, and depending on the model, you may be eligible for a tax credit. Standard Hybrids Standard hybrids are very much like regular gasoline-powered cars. The only difference is internal- the car can recharge its batteries by reclaiming energy through a process called regenerative braking or while driving on engine power. Standard hybrids do not need to be plugged in. A standard hybrid uses both a gasoline engine and an electric motor to help offset fuel costs and increase gas mileage. When the battery is heavily taxed by a lot of electric motor usage without a lot of braking, the internal combustion engine picks up the slack while the battery comes back up to charge. Hybrids still use gasoline as the primary source of power, you fill up the tank as you normally would. Popular standard hybrid models are the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. Luxury car makers like Porsche and Lexus in recent years have added hybrids to its fleet of vehicles. Plug-In Hybrids In order to increase electric motor cruising time, some manufacturers are creating plug-in hybrids that have more powerful batteries which can be recharged by â€Å"plugging in† the vehicle to normal household current. This feature allows the vehicle to perform more like a true electric car and less like a conventional gasoline car, all the while delivering exceptional fuel mileage. Plug-in hybrids, like the Chevrolet Volt, operate in much the same way as a hybrid by providing an all-electric driving range using a battery pack. Once the battery has been depleted, the vehicle can slip back to being a regular fuel-fed hybrid and recharge its batteries using the gasoline-powered motor as a generator. The big difference here is that you can also plug it in and recharge the electric motor instead of using the engine to charge it up. Depending on your driving needs, if you can plan your trips and just drive on electricity and then charge back up, you can go a very long time without having to gas up. All Electric Vehicles Although they are not considered hybrids since they run solely on electricity and are not a hybrid of anything, all-electric vehicles are worthy of mention if saving on gas is what you want to accomplish. All-electric cars like the Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, Ford Focus Electric, and Chevy Spark EV run on electricity and use electrons as their solitary source of energy. The more you drive, the more of the battery charge is depleted. The biggest disadvantage is that there is no gas engine built in to rescue you if you run out the battery completely. All electric vehicles must be recharged either at your home or at a charging station.

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice Assignment

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice - Assignment Example Round the clock administration of oral morphine for acute and chronic pain in patients with terminal and preterminal cancer is a widely accepted procedure. However, the need to administer the drug frequently and the increased risk of analgesic efficacy poses a problem in the management of pain in cancer patients. Several studies have reported other means of administration of opioid without altering the analgesic efficacy and without cumbersome dosing schedules. A couple of such important strategies are controlled-release morphine tablets and fentanyl-transdermal therapeutic system. To ascertain as to which is a better strategy for pain relief in cancer patients review of literature is essential. Making clinical decisions based on appropriate evidence is known as evidence-based practice. According to McKibbon (1998), "Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available, to make clinical decisions for individual patients. EBP values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences." Literature review is the most critical exercise for EBP. Literature search for EBP can be done effectively by creating appropriate question in PICO format. In this assignment, literature review for an evidence-based answer of a clinical question will be discussed after deciphering the question in PICO format. The literature search will be performed in a systematic manner through electronic databases. Clinical Question "In patients with terminal and preterminal cancer, which is the most appropriate strategy for pain relief? Oral sustained release morphine or transdermal fentanyl?" PICO Population: Patients with cancer in preterminal or terminal stages with acute or chronic pain Intervention: Orals sustained release morphine Comparison: Intradermal fentanyl Outcome: Relief from pain Search Process The commencement of search in electronic databases was based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria and knowledge of the hierarchies of evidence. Hierarchy provides a confidence measure to the end-user (Evans, 2003). According to Evans (2003), random control trials can be considered of good standard and they are in fact labeled as the gold standard of research for providing optimal research designs to answer pertinent questions. However, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have topped the hierarchy list. The databases used for search were PUBMED, Google Scholar and CINAHL. The MESH terms used in PUBMED were cancer pain (AND), morphine (AND), fentanyl (AND), & pain (AND). The limits used were adults and

Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organizational Culture - Essay Example Once an employee finds his work and organization meaningful, he goes for the extra mile as a token of appreciation to the company. This rubs down on the customer service exemplified by the crew which customers can’t help notice. If an organization would look closely and find ways to boost employee’s morale without spending so much, it only needs t o create a good and positive culture.Google.com illustrates the Google Culture by illustrating that : Our commitment to innovation depends on everyone being comfortable sharing ideas and opinions. Every employee is a hands-on contributor, and everyone wears several hats. Because we believe that each Googler is an equally important part of our success, no one hesitates to pose questions directly to Larry or Sergey in our weekly all-hands ("TGIF") meetings – or spike a volleyball across the net at a corporate officer.( www.google.com/corporate/culture.html) Although Google Inc. is was established for just less than a decade ago, this technology service provider based in Mountain View, California has gone a long way in terms of employee motivation. For two consecutive year, it s employees voted it as â€Å"Best Company to Work for in America† which is quite a feat for an online company. Indeed, ever since it was founded, Google company has long prided itself as an untraditional workplace, almost devoid of middle management, which is obvious in the relationship and work environment in the organization. According to Gupta (2009), Google is the largest brand in the whole world today; a brand name which is set up upon a culture that is low on politics, great at sharing resources and sharing wealth, and full of meaning and significance, and high on trust. On the other hand, ther is mor e to Google aside from plush offices and much publicized payment package, more thoughtful set and deeper factors have been acknowledged

Assess Asset allocation decision and security selection strategies Assignment

Assess Asset allocation decision and security selection strategies - Assignment Example at he will sell the ownership of the undervalued shares that he holds, borrow loan at an interest rate equivalent to his shareholding in that firm and then buy shares of equivalent proportion in the market. An arbitrage profit is obtained. I would recommend a duration of shorter duration of 3 years. This is due to the fact that a portfolio with low duration is ideal since the level of interest rate risk is low as compared to high duration portfolios. Immunization in the context of bond portfolio refers to an approach which matches the period of the firm’s assets and liabilities with a view of reducing the effect of interest rates on the total net worth of the firm. The institution should invest in equal proportions of both bond A and B as this will help to offset the interest rate and the risk so as to immunize the portfolio. Is the interest rates increases from 7% to 8% the institution might consider interest rate risk that is duration shifting which implies that portfolio duration can only be reduced by incorporating bonds that have a short maturity period or those with a high coupon

Business Culture And Communication Of Australia Management Essay

Business Culture And Communication Of Australia Management Essay The Report is an endeavour to demonstrate the feasibility of an Australian based University to open their new campuses in Taiwan and Japan. It presents a detailed informative study about the cross cultural means of communication, business culture and practices as well as business strategies in different regions of Asia-Pacific. There are significant issues presented in this report that will provide the readers an in-depth understanding of the topic presented. Moreover, the report is an ongoing attempt to focus on the social and cultural differences and how they play an important role in doing business across the world, important cultural aspects that influence business such as verbal communication in business, dress code, scheduling and appointment and other factors are discussed in this research, which provides guidelines for University staff. It is recommended that: Introduction Culture and communication require people to communicate across different cultures and geographical locations. In a lecture, Informatics, Culture and Communication (COMM 20036), Mr. Alexander Hoetzer described culture as involves work habits, life style, communication style, religious instruction, human behaviour and business activities. To do business successfully around the globe, all organizations need to overcome cultural barriers. background: Australian University intends to open new campuses in Tokyo and Taipei. The guidelines will be provided on cross cultural communication for Australian staff who will be liaising with the university staff in Japan and Taiwan. The guidelines must incorporate computer mediated communication channels such as videoconferencing, teleconferencing, memos, email, staff meetings and discussion forums with procedures and protocols which take into account the different cultures involved and promote effective cross cultural communication. Aim: The most aim for this report is provide guidelines on Cross-Cultural Communication for the Australian University, which intends to open their University campus Tokyo and Taiwan. 1.3 Scope: In this report, our Group presents guidance for Australian staff of a University who will be liaising with university staff in Taiwan and Japan in order to open a new university campus there. Present Report analyses the Cross-cultural issues and emphasizes the main streaming of the cultural values of Taiwan, Japan and Australia. This report examines the issues related to Australia University which intend to open campuses in Taiwan and Japan that considers not only the establishment of effective communication can be achievement. Moreover, the report illustrates the pros and cons of an organization that must have adequate knowledge of the cultural backgrounds of its members and the management must educate its employees in the aspects of cross-cultural communication. Besides, this report recommends the commitment of the strategic management to consider the culture and business issues of a country. The ability to learn within this multifaceted context to translate learning into effective decisions will add to the Australian university success. Methodology: A wide range of majority of the information formed for this proposed report will consist of research primarily from a number of online articles, case studies, journals and different resources from various websites were used to gather relevant information for this research and more over available market research reports. The literature where there is extensive contributing to be competently searched those methods currently in used. Gathering information with respected to improvements and innovations. Discussion Business Culture and Communication of Australia: Australia is great multi cultural society .Australians are friendly, outgoing, informal people who move to a first name basis quickly. Business Ethics, Culture and Meetings of Australia: Australia has a tradition of consensus that can make it an easy place to do business. Australians are generally wary of appearing boastful or arrogant. They usually dont praise any one for doing good job, because they think everyone doing their best in their jobs .This extends to their own accomplishment, successes and expertise, often point withholding information about themselves (Maria J.C.P, Ik-Whan G. K, Philipp A. S, Raymond.B, 2003).Generally Australians way of contacting will be on the basis of the first name of the person ,preceded by Mr, they greet both men and women by smiling, eye contact and shaking hands. Australians values friendship, they believe being good mates which is as important as doing business together and consider mutual respectful and beneficial relationship and is termed to be more important. Australians are generally result oriented and they prefer to make quick decisions, they are conservative and move fast to put their decisions into action. In smaller businesses, one person could be the sole decision maker for the entire company and makes decision immediately. Though, they generally take time to committing to a deal. Negotiating is not generally part of Australian business culture. They offer what they believe is a fair deal and expect you to do the same. In the business world traditional business suits are standard for men. Skirted suit or suit with pant for women. Avoid excessive jewellery or accessories. All business dealings will be in English. Australians dislike the negotiating and aggressive sale techniques because they value directness; presentation of any kind should be straight forward with both positive and negative outcomes. Meetings start on time .Appointments is mandatory to meet someone and they believe it is easy to schedule meetings and meetings should start on time if someone is running late, let your associate know in advance. Australians will not exchange business card in social meetings, because they operate more than one relationship with a contact and they never discuss about the business in social meetings. 3.1.1 Business culture and communication of Tokyo: Overview: Japan is a country of peace and harmony that continues to develop in a positive construction of tradition and modernization. Japan has been extended and colourful history and culture, a separate model hierarchy, the EEA and the etiquette that still makes social and business practices today. Due to the influence of Confucianism, it is important to have more respect for the oldest members appear in Japanese business culture. Age and rank are strongly linked. A change in the current business environment requires educational background and power often about age appropriate. Culture: Wa The most valuable principle alive in the Japanese society today is the concept of WA or harmony. The preservation of the first Constitution in 604 AD and teamwork is required when who live and work in collective farms, which dates back to social harmony. In the operating conditions, WA is reflected in the avoidance of self-assertion and individualism and the maintenance of good relations despite differences of opinion. Kao One of the fundamental elements of the Japanese social system is the concept of face. Glance is a trademark of personal pride and is the basis of an individual reputation and social status. Preservation of sight is delivered via the confrontations and direct criticism to avoid when possible. Omoiyari Closely linked to the concepts of wa and kao, omoiyari refers to the sense of empathy and loyalty in Japanese society, encouraged and authorised in Japanese business culture. Business Culture in Tokyo: In terms of business culture, Japan remains the second largest economic position in the world and its economic environment is forcing the local population to the so-called Japan style of the corporate culture and rules by which they have lived for a long time to make drastic changes. Japan has with its elaborate culture, a separate model hierarchy, the EEA and the etiquette that still reflected in many social and business practices today. A significant part of the former Japanese business protocol was a gift. In the modern contemporary Japanese business culture, it is not expected that the gesture is still practiced and accepted with gratitude. However, be careful not to take great gift as it can be thought of as a buy. It is good business practice in small talk before negotiations. The Japanese counterpart questions relating to education, family and social life. More private questions are not acceptable. Greet Hofstede Cultural Dimensions for Japan: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/graphs/hofstede_japan.gif Image courtesy: Hofstede (2009) According Hofstede (2009), above diagram terms are: Power Distance Index (PDI). Individualism (IDV). Masculinity (MAS).   Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (Hofstede 2009).  Ã‚   Business Culture, Meetings and Workings Practises in Japan: In the Japanese, companies will be reflected in the negotiating process. They begin at the executive level and continue at the middle level. Decisions will be made, however, often within the group. It is important to realise that in todays Japan, even a low-ranking individuals allows a Manager to receive his or her performance as well. Because of the great contemporary business competition in Asia, the old concept of the unhurried Japanese negotiation process no longer applies the decisions quickly and efficiently. When a business appointment, will arrange a personal call more effective than sending a letter and seen as good ways Late is as a sign of violation punctuality is essential in Japan .Due to the influence of Confucianism, it is important to have more respect for the oldest members appear in Japanese business culture. Age and rank highly connected, but a change in the current business environment means that educational background and power often about age appropriate. Physical contact, other than a handshake is never displayed in public. It is good business practice in small talk before negotiations. In General, Japanese business meetings will be aligned in order of seniority, with the leading person on the front and at the very least, a senior person closest to the door. In addition to this rule, however, it can happen that the highest person where choose. Physical contact, other than a handshake is never displayed in public. The Japanese counterpart questions relating to education, family and social life. More private questions are not acceptable. Japanese Business Etiquette: DO use apologies where the intention is serious and express gratitude frequently as it is considered polite in Japan. DO avoid confrontation or showing negative emotions during business negations. Express opinions openly but evade direct or aggressive refusals. DO greet your counterparts with the proper respect and politeness. If your counterpart bows make sure you return the gesture, which is usually performed shortly and shallowly. More often than not, a handshake is sufficient. Business Culture and Communication of Taipei: Overview Taiwan is located east of the Taiwan Strait, off the south-eastern coast of mainland China, is the largest island in the Republic of China. Taiwans population is mostly Han Chinese, who were born on the mainland and divided into three groups based on the dialect of Chinese they speak (Taiwans Country information 2007). Taiwanese value a well crafted message. They appreciate sharing a deep and broad contextual understanding in order for the core message to be delivered and understood. That context comes in the form of words, gestures and facial expressions. 3.1.2 Taiwanese Communication and culture: Communication in Taiwan can be difficult, if someone does not speak official languages such as Mandarin Chinese or Taiwanese, a southern Fujian dialect, which are broadly spoken. Levels of English will be irregular even within Taiwanese multi-nationals and major large companies based in the country. Within small to large-sized businesses, little or no English at all will be spoken. It may, therefore, be necessary to employ the use of a translator, which will further slow down an already slow process. Be prepared for the inevitable delays and confusions (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.). As in several Asian cultures, language is infrequently used in a completely literal fashion. Much of what is actually meant can be hidden behind a smoke screen of vagueness and coded language. It is not polite and disrespectful to disagree openly and therefore anything other than a clear yes (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.) should be viewed with some wariness. Search for further information; go back to the subject later in the meeting and apply diagrams, charts etc. to support to mutual comprehension. Unlike Japan, it is not unknown for meeting to become emotions, with heated, erupting and then subsiding quickly. Its better to try to ignore this lack of reserve and avoid referring back to it in an attempt to score points. This could result in loss of face and a fracture in the relationship (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.). Hofstede (2009) analysis for Taiwan is almost all identical models for Republic of China. Like other Asia countries relationships are in Taiwan, a primary part of the culture. Individualism is the lowest ranking factor, Long-term Orientation (LTO) is the peak factor and the Taiwanese are a collectivist society. Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions for Taiwan: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/graphs/hofstede_taiwan.gif Image courtesy: Hofstede (2009) According Hofstede (2009), above diagram terms are: Power Distance Index (PDI). Individualism (IDV). Masculinity (MAS).   Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (Hofstede 2009).  Ã‚   Taiwanese Business Culture ,Meetings and Business Practices: In general in Taiwanese society, the business culture is Confucian with strong hierarchical and family influences, particularly in the important small to large size business sector. Decision-making tends to be concentrated in the hands of organization or company owners. They are proud of their achievements and history and continue to be energetic, in the main economical. They have a natural commercial style and are welcoming to foreigners. Relationships are the key issues to success in Taiwan, its take time be familiar with your business partners (Taiwan economy brief 2008). The best relationships usually meet testing times before belief and trust develop. Taiwanese are generally tough negotiators, while they are enjoying negotiating. But Taiwanese are not formal as Japanese, it is good to continue formalities until they invited to do otherwise, self addressing like Dr Alex, Chairman Alex, Mr Alex etc (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Business visiting cards are compulsory and business cards are should be presented and received with both hands, starting with the top manager present. Instead of place the card in a pocket, treat the card with respect at the meeting. If possible print names at back of business card in Chinese and it is advisable to carry a passport for identification when dealing with government agencies (Taiwan economy brief 2008). A thoughtful gift is a suitable gesture for introduction and indicates of person desire to explore and build a good relationship. Taiwan economy brief (2008) suggested that do not give clocks, umbrellas, white flowers, handkerchiefs and sharp objectives, those are indicating that cutting or breaking a relationship. Time is money (Taiwan economy brief 2008) normally Taiwanese are comfortable to quick response and they expect quick action and decision-making. Face feeling are important in great business dealings, it is polite to speak of others in glowing expressions and be modest and deprecating about the negotiator. Never let others lose face, even in worry situation. Meeting schedules are not highly structured in Taiwan. There may be an agenda, but it serves as a guideline for the discussion and may act as a springboard to other related business ideas. As relationships are valued, there may be some time in the meeting devoted to non-business discussions. Time is not considered more important than completing a meeting satisfactorily, therefore, meetings will continue until the discussion is completed and may extend well past a scheduled end time (YVONNE .S, JEANNE H. Y STEVEN CHIH-CHIEN L, 2008). For formal meetings it is best wear a suit and tie, after relationships are made strong, it is appropriate to dress according to the occasions and season (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Asians and Taiwanese in particular, have high regard for those older than themselves. Between 9.30 am and 11.30am, and between 2.30pm and 4.30pm are the best times to seek appointments. However eating is a serious business in Taiwan, offers of lunch and dinner are accepted a nd when suitable, reciprocated. When dinning out it is common for Taiwanese to rise from the dining table promptly at the end of the meal (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Business practices: Men should wait for a woman to extend her hand. If you are in a group, try to assemble in rank order, with the most senior person first. Greet or introduce the most important person first. A handshake is the common greeting. Handshakes are not as firm as in many other countries. Many Taiwanese lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect. People are usually addressed by their title and surname (Yvonne et al., 2008) 3.2 Effective Cross-Culture Communications: Globalisation makes every country interdependent with each other. As more companies join the globalisation role, diversity in the corporate world will become renowned. This diversity is the inclusion of all groups at all level regardless of locations, competition, background and position. Besides, there is some pattern in cross-cultural communication that has to be considered to achieve successfully (Cross Cultural Communication n.d). One of the significant changes this has triggered is the required to communicate effectively with different people in different languages and from different cultures. It is now recognised that linguistic and cultural knowledge are both, most essential areas of knowledge that organizations must come to obtain if they are to join together, progress and succeed in the marketplace. Cross cultural communication is a must (Cross Cultural Communication n.d). 3.2.1 Computer mediated channels In this Globalization age, computer mediated communication channels are the most important elements to conduct the business in cross-cultural environment (Anderson et al. 1995). This section explains how the intercultural communication, mediated by cultural artefacts such as internet communication tools, E-mail, Videoconferencing, staff meetings. Nowadays computer-mediated communication is playing the key role in everyones life, it is the most effective way to communicate with the people no matter how far away they are. People using communication technologies to develop new contacts, save existing relationships, and maintain relationships with others. Most popular means of communications are videoconferencing, teleconferencing, and email, internet. Knowing the relationship of ideas between the technologies and the cultural differences is vital for two reasons. One is with the worldwide rapidly increased use of technology and interactions between different people are more often mediated through individual extensions. Rapidly, personal use communication technologies to, find, learn about and communicate with each other. Secondly the communication between people, especially between the cross culture people are developed and maintained through these technologies. So selecting the proper technology for communicating with personals across a cross culture requires an understanding of how people use these technologies in their culture. ( Arun V, Hao C,2008) 3.2.1. a Digital telecommunication channel: Videoconferencing. Video conferencing is tool in communication channels which enables people to meet and work together through the sight and sound medium no matter where there are located throughout the world. Video conferencing allows two or more location to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. Participants should join meeting at least 10 minutes before the start. Make sure all the equipment is working properly if not consult the technician. Video conference goes out of control unless someone take the job of traffic cop. Dressing up appropriately is important avoid very bright colours. Do not zoom cameras extremely close up on the participant. It is imposing. Be loud and clear always if audio is not clear on the other side try adjusting settings and avoid screaming. Avoid double talk wait for other side to finish before replying. Look straight imagine that you are making eye contact with the person other side. Do not move adjust your settings to ensure you are visible to the person on the other side. Make spot where the camera can view you best. Do not mute microphone when starting the connection, mute the microphone after the connection is established if you want. Make sure the presentation slides should be in the large format. Mute the microphone because even murmur can be heard out loud. 3.2.1. b Digital telecommunication channel: email. E-mail is used to maintain the relationships with people, and it used to expand and strengthen people, and it can be used to notify issues to the group to resolve problems more effectively, it can be also used to communicate with different people though there are not at their desks, used to communicate with different people irrespective of location. (Laurie M, 2007) The use of e-mail is one of the primary features of the internet and is still the most popular function. In this all the parties need not be considerate all the time as in face-to-face situation but can still participate fully in the conversation via e-mail without losing track of the argument (Anderson et al. 1995). They can read messages and respond to proposals in their own time, as their own tempo. But as the Taiwanese and Japanese have a non-verbal communications and high context culture and use indirect language to correspond, they prefer to communicate by telephone or personally rather than by impersonal means such as E-mail. However the Australians have low context culture, so they tend to use overt, plainly and explicit coded messages to make everything else, and convey plain and literal meaning. Therefore E-mail will be a superior way of communication for Australians (Anderson et al. 1995). 3.2.1. c Digital telecommunication channel: Teleconferencing Teleconferencing systems are ideally for meetings, new program introductions, seminars and all forms of personnel and management training. In effect, teleconferencing is the most powerful communications technology developed to date; it is the most effective way of communication which saves time and money. (Laurie M, 2007) 3.2.1. d Digital telecommunication channel: 3.2.1. e Digital telecommunication channel: 3.3 Effective written communications: Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium by means of a series of characters or symbols. Writing is an extension of human language in time and space. Write probably began as a result of political expansion into the old cultures, which reliable resources needed for the transmission of information, maintaining financial accounts, historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium v. Chr. the complexity of the trade and the Administration outgrew the power of memory and writing was a more reliable method of recording and transactions in a final form to present 3.4 Effective verbal communications: The basis of communication is the interaction between people.   Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face.   Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.   Aside from written communications, Australian Universities staffs are supporting the communication through conferences, negotiations and videoconferencing. Asian culture value silence when talking and are patient and understanding. The formality of Asians, while speaking in English is high and will avoid slang, jargon and also avoid confrontations as much as possible. Asians often prefer to speak what is implicitly rather than explicitly, in order to prevent conflicts, and to a more ambiguous interpretation of meaning open .In Discussions, Asians like harmony and piece. Most of the time non-native English speakers prefer to know what one is saying as face is important to them. They use words that are common and understandable as they mostly prefer facial expressions are important to them. Avoid of casual, and they appreciated politeness and formal way of communication. Asian values personal relationships; they prefer actual meeting rather than phone conversations or video conferences. In conducting a video conference where they mind gesture, eye contacts, body movements, and facial expressions as these are given more attention by the As ians rather than the messages. Therefore, opinions are often better proposed discretion; instead of directly expressed (Seltman 1991).This is reinforced by the fact that the Asians instructors are generally a direct translation methodology. If resources permit install translation software, which is termed to be particularly helpful. In negotiations, an agreement may need to be amended from time to time. So, remember that the deal is not final even if the signature has been affixed. People in general are not hard to talk, touching, unless forced by overcrowding or other disturbance in places that are traditionally considered to be public. People keep to themselves and between strangers In contrast, Australian English speakers value clear and concise conversations and they speak words carefully, they understand and prefer written formats rather than the verbal massage, on the other hand, their way of communication is more direct and constant .Silence is regarded as confusion in the case of Australians. In negotiations a deal is finalized and binding up on the signing for approval only. high and low contexts culture High context refers to groups or societies where people have close relationship over a long period of time. Several aspects of cultural behaviour are not made explicit because the majority members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other. Hall (1976) states that most Asian countries include Japan and Taiwan are classified as high Context cultures. Low context refers to groups where people tend to have many connections but of shorter period or for some specific reason. In these groups, cultural behaviour and beliefs might need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave. Australians are classified as low context cultures (Hall 1976). Conclusion: This report concludes with the reflections of cross cultural business communications of different places like Australia, Tokyo and Taipei. The results of this studies about the awareness and understanding of the cross cultural and communicational characteristics of the country and are termed to be crucial for the successful business interactions between members of different countries. More precisely, too effectively and ethical business in countries like Australia, Japan and Taiwan requires an understanding and acceptance of collectivism, saving face particularise and the maintenance of the harmony. With the advent of globalisation means of doing business have changed dramatically. Most organizations open at store to working with different people across the globe. For this reason it is essential to understand how cultural adversity effects and how business is being conducted in various countries Asians and Australian culture vary greatly in terms of their believes, life style and business practices, Asians have high context culture which gives much importance to inter personal relationship ,whilst Australians belong to low context culture where individualism is highly regarded , in order for these two countries to collaborate in business venture. It is important to understand these differences. Communication strategies are affected by cultural differences in a number of ways. For this reason, respect on each others culture should be regarded to avoid any conflicts that arise. In nut shell cultural differences should not be a hindrance to a successful business venture .Rather, understanding an embracing these differences will help improve the relationships of countries across the globe. 6.0 Recommendations: